Currency exchange rates today
One unit of every currency in Indian rupees, from the reference rates that central banks publish each business day. Rupix blends the published fixes of about a hundred central banks, among them the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and Financial Benchmarks India, which sets the Reserve Bank of India's reference rate, into one mid-market figure per currency per day.
Every day's figure is kept, so each currency's page shows how it has moved over a week, a month, a year and longer. These are reference rates, not live quotes. The number a bank, a card or a money changer gives you sits a little either side of them.
Today, 2 November 2026, the US dollar ₹94.91, the euro ₹106.07, the pound ₹127.11, the UAE dirham ₹25.84 and the Saudi riyal ₹25.29 in Indian rupees, from the reference rates central banks publish.
Rates by ExchangeRate-API.
The currencies Indians look up most
| Currency | 1 unit in ₹ | Day | Week | Year | ₹1 buys |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 USD US dollar | ₹94.91 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +7.04% | 0.01054 USD |
 EUR euro | ₹106.07 | +0.02% | −0.45% | +3.35% | 0.009428 EUR |
 GBP British pound | ₹127.11 | −0.07% | −0.05% | +8.86% | 0.007867 GBP |
 AED UAE dirham | ₹25.84 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +7.03% | 0.0387 AED |
 SAR Saudi riyal | ₹25.29 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +6.95% | 0.03954 SAR |
 KWD Kuwaiti dinar | ₹307.85 | −0.04% | −0.33% | +6.47% | 0.003248 KWD |
 QAR Qatari riyal | ₹26.04 | −0.16% | −0.26% | +6.88% | 0.03841 QAR |
 OMR Omani rial | ₹246.53 | −0.15% | −0.31% | +6.90% | 0.004056 OMR |
 BHD Bahraini dinar | ₹251.45 | −0.41% | −0.33% | +6.63% | 0.003977 BHD |
 SGD Singapore dollar | ₹74.21 | −0.10% | −0.28% | +8.83% | 0.01348 SGD |
 AUD Australian dollar | ₹66.69 | −0.08% | −0.25% | +14.87% | 0.015 AUD |
 CAD Canadian dollar | ₹67.90 | −0.11% | 0.00% | +7.11% | 0.01473 CAD |
 JPY Japanese yen | ₹0.6017 | −0.33% | −0.70% | +4.51% | 1.66 JPY |
 CHF Swiss franc | ₹115.18 | −0.15% | −0.13% | +4.21% | 0.008682 CHF |
 MYR Malaysian ringgit | ₹23.36 | −0.17% | +0.30% | +10.42% | 0.04281 MYR |
 THB Thai baht | ₹2.81 | −0.15% | −0.20% | +2.51% | 0.3558 THB |
 HKD Hong Kong dollar | ₹12.10 | −0.03% | −0.27% | +6.09% | 0.08266 HKD |
 NZD New Zealand dollar | ₹53.30 | −0.34% | −1.52% | +4.80% | 0.01876 NZD |
 CNY Chinese yuan | ₹14.27 | −0.02% | −0.02% | +14.33% | 0.0701 CNY |
 LKR Sri Lankan rupee | ₹0.2857 | −0.02% | −0.28% | −2.09% | 3.50 LKR |
 BDT Bangladeshi taka | ₹0.7654 | −0.02% | −0.57% | +5.50% | 1.31 BDT |
 NPR Nepalese rupee | ₹0.6248 | +0.19% | −0.22% | +0.07% | 1.60 NPR |
 PKR Pakistani rupee | ₹0.3428 | +0.14% | −0.30% | +9.46% | 2.92 PKR |
 ZAR South African rand | ₹5.68 | +0.03% | −0.75% | +10.84% | 0.176 ZAR |
Reference rates blended from the published fixes of central banks; the change columns compare today with the nearest earlier day Rupix holds.
Every currency in rupees (145)
| Currency | 1 unit in ₹ | Day | Week | Year | ₹1 buys |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 AFN Afghan afghani | ₹1.46 | +0.05% | −0.21% | +9.84% | 0.6849 AFN |
 ALL Albanian lek | ₹1.17 | −0.02% | −0.52% | +10.19% | 0.8562 ALL |
 DZD Algerian dinar | ₹0.7005 | −0.02% | −0.73% | +2.86% | 1.43 DZD |
 AOA Angolan kwanza | ₹0.1035 | −0.02% | −0.20% | +7.25% | 9.66 AOA |
 ARS Argentine peso | ₹0.06178 | −0.02% | −0.67% | +0.52% | 16.19 ARS |
 AMD Armenian dram | ₹0.2641 | +0.06% | +0.16% | +13.96% | 3.79 AMD |
 AWG Aruban florin | ₹53.11 | −0.48% | +0.04% | +7.71% | 0.01883 AWG |
| AUD Australian dollar | ₹66.69 | −0.08% | −0.25% | +14.87% | 0.015 AUD |
 AZN Azerbaijani manat | ₹55.83 | −0.11% | −0.25% | +7.05% | 0.01791 AZN |
 BSD Bahamian dollar | ₹94.08 | −0.02% | −1.12% | +7.21% | 0.01063 BSD |
| BHD Bahraini dinar | ₹251.45 | −0.41% | −0.33% | +6.63% | 0.003977 BHD |
| BDT Bangladeshi taka | ₹0.7654 | −0.02% | −0.57% | +5.50% | 1.31 BDT |
 BBD Barbadian dollar | ₹46.38 | −0.02% | −2.51% | +5.58% | 0.02156 BBD |
 BYN Belarusian ruble | ₹32.22 | +0.34% | −0.25% | +15.99% | 0.03104 BYN |
 BZD Belize dollar | ₹46.82 | −0.02% | −0.03% | +7.23% | 0.02136 BZD |
 BMD Bermudian dollar | ₹94.91 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +7.04% | 0.01054 BMD |
 BTN Bhutanese ngultrum | ₹0.9988 | +0.06% | −0.27% | −0.12% | 1.00 BTN |
 BOB Bolivian boliviano | ₹7.85 | −0.02% | −1.99% | −38.93% | 0.1274 BOB |
 BAM Bosnian convertible mark | ₹54.25 | +0.01% | −0.43% | +3.39% | 0.01843 BAM |
 BWP Botswana pula | ₹6.97 | −0.82% | −1.55% | +6.09% | 0.1435 BWP |
 BRL Brazilian real | ₹17.45 | −0.68% | −8.66% | +5.86% | 0.05729 BRL |
| GBP British pound | ₹127.11 | −0.07% | −0.05% | +8.86% | 0.007867 GBP |
 BND Brunei dollar | ₹74.18 | −0.04% | −0.35% | +8.79% | 0.01348 BND |
 BIF Burundian franc | ₹0.03162 | +0.09% | +0.09% | +5.34% | 31.63 BIF |
 KHR Cambodian riel | ₹0.02326 | +0.02% | +0.01% | +5.63% | 42.99 KHR |
| CAD Canadian dollar | ₹67.90 | −0.11% | 0.00% | +7.11% | 0.01473 CAD |
 CVE Cape Verdean escudo | ₹0.9623 | 0.00% | −0.35% | +3.38% | 1.04 CVE |
 XCG Caribbean guilder | ₹53.11 | −0.30% | +0.04% | +8.10% | 0.01883 XCG |
 KYD Cayman Islands dollar | ₹114.09 | +0.30% | +0.04% | +7.74% | 0.008765 KYD |
| XAF Central African CFA franc | ₹0.1618 | −0.21% | −0.27% | +3.40% | 6.18 XAF |
| XPF CFP franc | ₹0.8896 | −0.48% | −0.27% | +3.70% | 1.12 XPF |
 CLP Chilean peso | ₹0.09575 | −0.02% | +0.06% | +1.81% | 10.44 CLP |
| CNY Chinese yuan | ₹14.27 | −0.02% | −0.02% | +14.33% | 0.0701 CNY |
 COP Colombian peso | ₹0.02988 | −0.02% | −1.31% | +30.41% | 33.47 COP |
 KMF Comorian franc | ₹0.2157 | −0.02% | −0.10% | +3.75% | 4.64 KMF |
 CDF Congolese franc | ₹0.0415 | −0.02% | −0.44% | +6.63% | 24.10 CDF |
 CRC Costa Rican colon | ₹0.2093 | −0.02% | −0.03% | +18.76% | 4.78 CRC |
 CZK Czech koruna | ₹4.36 | 0.00% | −0.47% | +3.36% | 0.2296 CZK |
 DKK Danish krone | ₹14.20 | +0.04% | −0.40% | +3.38% | 0.07044 DKK |
 DJF Djiboutian franc | ₹0.5357 | −0.02% | +0.15% | +7.39% | 1.87 DJF |
 DOP Dominican peso | ₹1.55 | −0.02% | +0.77% | +13.36% | 0.6443 DOP |
| XCD East Caribbean dollar | ₹35.21 | +0.98% | +0.04% | +8.44% | 0.0284 XCD |
 EGP Egyptian pound | ₹1.70 | +0.07% | −0.53% | −9.64% | 0.5897 EGP |
 ERN Eritrean nakfa | ₹6.25 | −0.02% | +0.06% | +7.31% | 0.1599 ERN |
 ETB Ethiopian birr | ₹0.5878 | +0.01% | −0.41% | +1.47% | 1.70 ETB |
| EUR euro | ₹106.07 | +0.02% | −0.45% | +3.35% | 0.009428 EUR |
 FJD Fijian dollar | ₹42.34 | −0.18% | +0.14% | +8.88% | 0.02362 FJD |
 GMD Gambian dalasi | ₹1.29 | −0.02% | −0.57% | +5.76% | 0.7749 GMD |
 GEL Georgian lari | ₹36.60 | −0.10% | −0.14% | +11.93% | 0.02732 GEL |
 GHS Ghanaian cedi | ₹8.18 | +0.04% | +0.10% | +0.40% | 0.1223 GHS |
 GTQ Guatemalan quetzal | ₹12.43 | −0.02% | 0.00% | +7.66% | 0.08042 GTQ |
 GNF Guinean franc | ₹0.01078 | −0.02% | −0.07% | +5.77% | 92.73 GNF |
 GYD Guyanese dollar | ₹0.4481 | −0.02% | −1.33% | +6.62% | 2.23 GYD |
 HTG Haitian gourde | ₹0.7261 | −0.02% | −0.04% | +7.44% | 1.38 HTG |
 HNL Honduran lempira | ₹3.54 | −0.02% | −0.06% | +5.06% | 0.2829 HNL |
| HKD Hong Kong dollar | ₹12.10 | −0.03% | −0.27% | +6.09% | 0.08266 HKD |
 HUF Hungarian forint | ₹0.2899 | +0.11% | −0.17% | +9.74% | 3.45 HUF |
 ISK Icelandic krona | ₹0.7805 | +0.08% | −0.03% | +10.05% | 1.28 ISK |
 IDR Indonesian rupiah | ₹0.005236 | +0.08% | −0.32% | −1.75% | 191.00 IDR |
 IRR Iranian rial | ₹0.00005081 | −0.10% | −1.85% | −97.58% | 19,681.17 IRR |
 IQD Iraqi dinar | ₹0.06267 | −0.02% | −0.13% | −7.42% | 15.96 IQD |
 ILS Israeli new shekel | ₹30.22 | −0.62% | −2.17% | +10.78% | 0.03309 ILS |
 JMD Jamaican dollar | ₹0.5997 | −0.02% | +0.12% | +8.18% | 1.67 JMD |
| JPY Japanese yen | ₹0.6017 | −0.33% | −0.70% | +4.51% | 1.66 JPY |
 JOD Jordanian dinar | ₹133.86 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +7.04% | 0.00747 JOD |
 KZT Kazakhstani tenge | ₹0.2091 | −0.06% | −0.86% | +25.09% | 4.78 KZT |
 KES Kenyan shilling | ₹0.7303 | −0.17% | −0.34% | +6.34% | 1.37 KES |
| KWD Kuwaiti dinar | ₹307.85 | −0.04% | −0.33% | +6.47% | 0.003248 KWD |
 KGS Kyrgyzstani som | ₹1.09 | −0.04% | −0.25% | +6.98% | 0.9214 KGS |
 LAK Lao kip | ₹0.004254 | −0.02% | −0.03% | +4.40% | 235.05 LAK |
 LBP Lebanese pound | ₹0.001062 | −0.15% | +0.04% | +7.70% | 941.38 LBP |
 LSL Lesotho loti | ₹5.69 | −0.02% | −0.48% | +11.30% | 0.1756 LSL |
 LRD Liberian dollar | ₹0.5579 | −0.02% | −0.09% | +15.58% | 1.79 LRD |
 LYD Libyan dinar | ₹14.78 | −0.02% | −0.50% | −9.22% | 0.06767 LYD |
 MOP Macanese pataca | ₹11.74 | +0.02% | −0.30% | +6.05% | 0.08518 MOP |
 MKD Macedonian denar | ₹1.72 | −0.04% | −0.61% | +3.19% | 0.5813 MKD |
 MGA Malagasy ariary | ₹0.02091 | −0.02% | +0.81% | +5.59% | 47.82 MGA |
 MWK Malawian kwacha | ₹0.05478 | −0.02% | −0.20% | +7.25% | 18.25 MWK |
| MYR Malaysian ringgit | ₹23.36 | −0.17% | +0.30% | +10.42% | 0.04281 MYR |
 MVR Maldivian rufiyaa | ₹6.15 | −0.23% | −0.32% | +7.23% | 0.1626 MVR |
 MRU Mauritanian ouguiya | ₹2.35 | −0.02% | −0.76% | +5.81% | 0.425 MRU |
 MUR Mauritian rupee | ₹2.01 | +0.04% | −0.54% | +3.57% | 0.4983 MUR |
 MXN Mexican peso | ₹5.04 | −0.11% | −1.10% | +5.53% | 0.1983 MXN |
 MDL Moldovan leu | ₹5.27 | −0.19% | −0.35% | +0.92% | 0.1897 MDL |
 MNT Mongolian tugrik | ₹0.02641 | −0.06% | −0.14% | +6.95% | 37.86 MNT |
 MAD Moroccan dirham | ₹9.66 | −0.01% | −0.30% | +0.99% | 0.1035 MAD |
 MZN Mozambican metical | ₹1.49 | −0.02% | −0.29% | +7.07% | 0.6704 MZN |
 MMK Myanmar kyat | ₹0.04531 | +0.12% | −0.12% | +7.19% | 22.07 MMK |
 NAD Namibian dollar | ₹5.70 | −0.01% | −0.52% | +11.16% | 0.1756 NAD |
| NPR Nepalese rupee | ₹0.6248 | +0.19% | −0.22% | +0.07% | 1.60 NPR |
 TWD New Taiwan dollar | ₹2.91 | −0.09% | −0.26% | +0.95% | 0.3433 TWD |
| NZD New Zealand dollar | ₹53.30 | −0.34% | −1.52% | +4.80% | 0.01876 NZD |
 NIO Nicaraguan cordoba | ₹2.59 | −0.02% | +0.22% | +7.04% | 0.3859 NIO |
 NGN Nigerian naira | ₹0.07053 | −0.02% | +0.11% | +14.62% | 14.18 NGN |
 NOK Norwegian krone | ₹10.30 | +0.08% | +1.11% | +17.06% | 0.09709 NOK |
| OMR Omani rial | ₹246.53 | −0.15% | −0.31% | +6.90% | 0.004056 OMR |
| PKR Pakistani rupee | ₹0.3428 | +0.14% | −0.30% | +9.46% | 2.92 PKR |
 PAB Panamanian balboa | ₹95.09 | −0.02% | +0.03% | +7.55% | 0.01052 PAB |
 PGK Papua New Guinean kina | ₹20.85 | −1.28% | −1.86% | −0.32% | 0.04796 PGK |
 PYG Paraguayan guarani | ₹0.016 | −0.02% | −2.29% | +28.20% | 62.50 PYG |
 PEN Peruvian sol | ₹27.44 | −0.03% | −0.72% | +4.73% | 0.03644 PEN |
 PHP Philippine peso | ₹1.49 | +0.08% | +0.07% | −1.17% | 0.671 PHP |
 PLN Polish zloty | ₹24.04 | −0.19% | −0.70% | −0.37% | 0.0416 PLN |
| QAR Qatari riyal | ₹26.04 | −0.16% | −0.26% | +6.88% | 0.03841 QAR |
 RON Romanian leu | ₹19.87 | +0.14% | −0.23% | −1.48% | 0.05032 RON |
 RUB Russian ruble | ₹1.18 | +0.07% | −0.08% | +7.12% | 0.8484 RUB |
 RWF Rwandan franc | ₹0.06435 | +0.06% | −0.20% | +5.57% | 15.54 RWF |
 WST Samoan tala | ₹34.72 | +0.02% | −0.05% | +9.30% | 0.0288 WST |
 STN Sao Tome and Principe dobra | ₹4.33 | −0.88% | −0.27% | +3.99% | 0.2308 STN |
| SAR Saudi riyal | ₹25.29 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +6.95% | 0.03954 SAR |
 RSD Serbian dinar | ₹0.9032 | +0.12% | −0.39% | +3.21% | 1.11 RSD |
 SCR Seychellois rupee | ₹6.55 | +0.88% | +0.76% | +8.28% | 0.1526 SCR |
 SLE Sierra Leonean leone | ₹4.16 | −30.06% | −30.06% | +8.16% | 0.2405 SLE |
| SGD Singapore dollar | ₹74.21 | −0.10% | −0.28% | +8.83% | 0.01348 SGD |
 SBD Solomon Islands dollar | ₹11.86 | −0.02% | −0.17% | +10.56% | 0.08429 SBD |
 SOS Somali shilling | ₹0.1663 | −0.02% | −0.02% | +7.51% | 6.01 SOS |
| ZAR South African rand | ₹5.68 | +0.03% | −0.75% | +10.84% | 0.176 ZAR |
 KRW South Korean won | ₹0.07075 | −0.54% | −1.50% | +13.98% | 14.13 KRW |
 SSP South Sudanese pound | ₹0.01572 | −5.64% | −4.89% | −18.41% | 63.62 SSP |
| LKR Sri Lankan rupee | ₹0.2857 | −0.02% | −0.28% | −2.09% | 3.50 LKR |
 SDG Sudanese pound | ₹0.1594 | +0.24% | +0.85% | +8.23% | 6.27 SDG |
 SRD Surinamese dollar | ₹2.52 | −0.02% | −0.13% | +12.34% | 0.396 SRD |
 SZL Swazi lilangeni | ₹5.70 | −0.02% | −0.59% | +11.31% | 0.1755 SZL |
 SEK Swedish krona | ₹9.67 | +0.14% | +1.07% | +3.09% | 0.1034 SEK |
| CHF Swiss franc | ₹115.18 | −0.15% | −0.13% | +4.21% | 0.008682 CHF |
 TJS Tajikistani somoni | ₹10.31 | −0.12% | −0.16% | +7.86% | 0.09697 TJS |
 TZS Tanzanian shilling | ₹0.03599 | −0.01% | −0.21% | −0.41% | 27.78 TZS |
| THB Thai baht | ₹2.81 | −0.15% | −0.20% | +2.51% | 0.3558 THB |
 TOP Tongan pa'anga | ₹39.88 | −0.47% | +0.05% | +7.04% | 0.02507 TOP |
 TTD Trinidad and Tobago dollar | ₹14.15 | −0.18% | +0.80% | +7.56% | 0.07069 TTD |
 TND Tunisian dinar | ₹31.60 | −0.02% | −0.49% | +5.07% | 0.03165 TND |
 TRY Turkish lira | ₹1.90 | −0.06% | −0.65% | −9.97% | 0.5264 TRY |
 TMT Turkmenistani manat | ₹27.12 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +7.04% | 0.03688 TMT |
| AED UAE dirham | ₹25.84 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +7.03% | 0.0387 AED |
 UGX Ugandan shilling | ₹0.02228 | +1.78% | +3.86% | −12.51% | 44.88 UGX |
 UAH Ukrainian hryvnia | ₹2.09 | +0.18% | −0.17% | −1.00% | 0.4777 UAH |
 UYU Uruguayan peso | ₹2.37 | −0.02% | −0.32% | +6.37% | 0.4228 UYU |
| USD US dollar | ₹94.91 | −0.02% | −0.25% | +7.04% | 0.01054 USD |
 UZS Uzbekistani som | ₹0.007953 | +0.45% | −0.73% | +7.54% | 125.75 UZS |
 VUV Vanuatu vatu | ₹0.8025 | +0.81% | −0.48% | +9.80% | 1.25 VUV |
 VES Venezuelan bolivar | ₹0.1069 | −0.32% | −0.22% | −73.49% | 9.36 VES |
 VND Vietnamese dong | ₹0.00368 | −0.09% | −0.09% | +8.68% | 271.73 VND |
| XOF West African CFA franc | ₹0.1618 | −0.21% | −0.27% | +3.40% | 6.18 XOF |
 YER Yemeni rial | ₹0.4025 | −0.03% | −0.12% | +8.42% | 2.48 YER |
 ZMW Zambian kwacha | ₹4.69 | −0.12% | −0.63% | +17.10% | 0.2131 ZMW |
The converter on this page turns any amount of any of these currencies into rupees, or rupees into the currency, at the day's reference rate.
What a reference rate is
Central banks publish an exchange rate once a day for their own accounting and for everyone else's. The European Central Bank fixes its euro rates at about 16:00 Central European Time from a conference call of banks; Financial Benchmarks India computes the rupee's reference rates against the dollar, the euro, the pound and the yen at 13:30 IST from quotes polled through the morning and the Reserve Bank of India publishes them.
Each is a mid-market rate for one moment of the day, with no margin built in.
A currency that trades around the clock has no single price, and the live quote on a trading screen moves every second. A reference rate is the one figure everyone can agree on for the day, which is why contracts, customs valuations and company accounts use it. For a reader who wants to know what the dollar is worth today, it is the honest number: the market's midpoint, dated and sourced.
Why the rate you get is different
Nobody buys or sells at the mid-market rate. A bank quotes a buying rate below it and a selling rate above it, and the gap is its margin; a remittance service or a card network does the same and may add a fee on top. For a major currency the margin is usually a fraction of a percent to two percent; for a currency with a thin market it can be more.
The figure on these pages is the one to compare a quote against: the distance between the two is what the transfer costs.
The Gulf currencies are a special case. The UAE dirham, the Saudi and Qatari riyals, the Omani rial and the Bahraini dinar are fixed to the US dollar by their central banks, so against the rupee they move exactly as the dollar does, and a remittance from the Gulf is really a bet on the dollar-rupee rate. The Nepalese rupee and the Bhutanese ngultrum are fixed to the Indian rupee and do not move at all.
How the pages are built
Every currency has its own page with today's figure in its first sentence, the change since yesterday, a week, a month and a year ago, a conversion table both ways, a chart, a month-by-month table and the questions people ask about that currency. The dollar, euro, pound and yen pages also show the official reference rate when it is fresh, which is to say less than four days old;
on a day it is not, the line is left out rather than shown stale.
The figures are refreshed every hour, because the central banks publish at different hours of the day and the blended figure settles as each one lands. Rupix stores every day's rate, so the history on a page is the site's own record from the day the page was first built, with the central banks' own archives behind it for the years before.
Common questions about exchange rates
What is the dollar rate in India today?
The figure at the top of the US dollar page is today's mid-market reference rate, one dollar in rupees, blended from the rates central banks published for the day. It is the rate to compare a bank's or a remittance service's quote against; the quote will be a little either side of it.
Is this the RBI exchange rate?
The headline figure is a blend of many central banks' reference rates. The Reserve Bank of India's own reference rate, computed by Financial Benchmarks India at 13:30 IST on each Mumbai business day for the dollar, the euro, the pound and the yen, is shown on those four pages as a separate line whenever it is less than four days old.
Why does the rate here differ from Google or XE?
Google and XE show a live interbank quote that moves through the day. Rupix shows the day's reference rate, a mid-market fix for one moment of the day. The two are usually within a fraction of a percent of each other; the reference rate is the one dated and attributable to a named source.
How often are the rates updated?
Every hour. Each central bank publishes once a day at its own hour, so the blended figure for today settles through the afternoon and evening India time. The date beside every figure is the day the published rates are for.
Which currencies are covered?
About 150: every currency in circulation that a central bank publishes a rate for, from the US dollar and the Gulf currencies to the Nepalese rupee and the CFA franc. Precious metals, the IMF's special drawing right and currencies with no working market rate are left out.
Can I convert an amount?
Yes. The converter on this page and on every currency page turns any amount of a currency into rupees or rupees into the currency at the day's reference rate, and each page carries a conversion table for the common amounts for readers without JavaScript.